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DE@6RmBC, X ٳ0 X 1 : t | t 0| Ȳ. 0 X x<\ xǩD tX Ÿ$ Ĭ| Ɉ 4䲔 йȲ. }Őij ̹\ Ő t tǩXՔ | D }Őij tǩ`  ǔ t0| 䲔 йȲ. DE@ \@Rm'8FRmMLRmqQRmWRmBC X, X tǘ )X 1 : @ Ŭ ; X|X iȲ. | Ȑ 0 | t踔 p x x XՌ  Ÿ$ 0 L8Ȳ. Ŭ | D tǩX | t踌 ճȲ. | Ŭ }Őij ̹\ 0 L8Ȳ. DE@ ^Rm&dRmMjRmshpRmDvRmBC K, 8tu httuX 1 : ܭ X Y ) 0| h<\h ht  ǔ tu Hij ɔX̹, 8 tu T ɔiȲ.  H X tut ȹ ht  LD LT|ij  Ŭ\  \, 0Ȍ  Ќ, \ٳ 8, tٳ  pX , xƀ@X ь X tuD X0 t  8 | ȹ \X$ @ ܭ 0 JŔ Ȳ. DEL}Rm&(RmLRmtRmRmRmtRmB/C>m>>>mG>m/>>mB?C2. \ t t ŐX t0 | \Xp Ő X| ` D Ō 0 pm D E#>>Lm.'>>LmBC`xɕ 59pX938X  8 x%t k  Ŭ\  \, 0Ȍ  Ќ, \ٳ 8, tٳ  pX , xƀ@X ь X | htXp x%D t` LD $X, Ĭ}` L  xļ ĬD 8 L 8 DՔ\ @ \ \͌\X D 8 pX| <\h  8X4 | ȹ \X ̹| x ɔ\ uD Xՠ䲔 Ĭ}ŅȲ. DE/Rm&x5RmNT;Rmu0ARm GRmLRmRRmBCtǔ  ,  x $@ Ĭ} xļ Ĭ 8 DՔ\ @ \ \͌\X D 8 pX| 0 X $X Ē | t\h \\. ܭ\ `xɕ 59pX938X @ } 0| ȕXՌ @ Ĭ}ŅȲ. 8p : frx%27frx  59pX9  @ t < D t| iȲ. D E@ YRm&_RmKeRmp`kRm>mBqC; Ē1 DE@{ mBqC Ȑ x Ȑǘ xxŌ t| \ tXՔ ƅȲ. ǘ 1X$t tՐŌ Ēǥ%t Ǵ| XՔp tՐ 1Dǘ tt ųŌ Ēt ǵȲ. DE Rm$RmGRmjp#RmBfC ̹ ųX4| DǬX J@ Ŕ  JŵȲ. Ēǥ%t Ŕ Ȑ x Ȑǘ xxD t\ $t ųX4| DǬX JXLD ǝt| \䲔 йȲ. DEx*Rm$T0RmI06RmBPC 753p(1DX Ēǥ%) 1D xŌ t| \ X ĒD ` ɥt Ŕ LŔ 0X Ēt . DE@Rm%FRmLtLRmBaC 754p(X Ēǥ%)  xŌ t| \ ǔ 0X Ēt . 췘 X  \ xX D ͘\ LŔ X DȲX. DE|SRm%XYRmK4_RmB-C; ֕ 9p(֬1D) 148  DȲ\ X ǔ X DȲ\. D E@htmBHC 10p(¥`x) `$ ¥`\ xX C b$2mX  ǐ  ǐǔ tX x \ ĒLjǔ X lD լ`  . D B/C  750pX | \ ǝĒD >mB"C@The Nine Social Work Competencies DE@'RmB[C` Competency 2: Advance Human Rights and Social, Racial, Economic, and Environmental Justice D" &SE.Rm74RmB&C$Social workers understand that every person regardless of position in society has fundamental human rights. Social workers are knowledgeable about the global intersecting and ongoing injustices throughout history that result in oppression and racism, including social work s role and response. DE@ <Rm:BRm{HRmNRm^TRmBCSocial workers critically evaluate the distribution of power and privilege in society in order to promote social, racial, economic, and environmental justice by reducing inequities and ensuring dignity and respect for all. DE f[RmABaRmgRmlRmBC!Social workers advocate for and engage in strategies to eliminate oppressive structural barriers to ensure that social resources, rights, and responsibilities are distributed equitably and that civil, political, economic, social, and cultural human rights are protected. DE@ tRmByRmRmRmrRmBCSocial workers: DE@RmBpCa. advocate for human rights at the individual, family, group, organizational, and community system levels; and DERm?RmBpCb. engage in practices that advance human rights to promote social, racial, economic, and environmental justice DERm<nRmB<CHuman Rights and Social Work DE@{ m&BDC: Towards Rights-Based Practice, klh%4th Edklh. 2022. 10. D)/E@PmG0:klh%https\://www.amazon.com/Human-Rights-Social-Work-Rights-Based/dp/1108829708/ref=sr_1_1_sspa\?crid=SYHMB0DAUDT0&keywords=Human+Rights+and+Social+Work&qid=1684655550&sprefix=human+rights+and+social+work%2Caps%2C248&sr=8-1-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUE5WEFXQ0YzVTNTTSZlbmNyeXB0ZWRJZD1BMDczNzkxNEFJOFZTWE1XREw5VyZlbmNyeXB0ZWRBZElkPUEwMzM4MTc3MUdaR1NaMkNFOEdRMyZ3aWRnZXROYW1lPXNwX2F0ZiZhY3Rpb249Y2xpY2tSZWRpcmVjdCZkb05vdExvZ0NsaWNrPXRydWU=;1;0;0; BRB! C t E ֬ 4 hX ǔ D 8Ȳ. DE@mBUCWho defines needs?tmct DE@Rm&G@tmctHB C Needs and Rights D BC 796. The concept of needs has unfortunate charitable connotations in the way the wider community talks about  the needy . This is why disabled social workers, such as Oliver, Sapey and Thomas have been particularly strident in their push to move social workers and curricula away from the concept of  needs . Focusing on disabled people s needs has led to their confinement in institutions and positioned them as burdens on family and society. D 4!BC 101. One important practice principle for human rights social work is that social workers should seek to identify the rights issues behind the statements of need that they make every day. D K!B C !Rights-based practice is a form of social work in which the word  right is used more than the word  need in the day-to-day discourse of social workers and where, whenever a  need is talked about, the rights that lie behind that need are identified and explored. D BC98. One of the criticisms of all human service professionals, and perhaps particularly of social workers, is that they use their professional position to privilege their definitions of need over the definitions made by others. DE &RmBp,RmL2Rm(8RmB'RC$Illich s well-known critique of the various professions as  disabling specifically includes social workers. He claims that, by increasingly taking on the role of defining people s needs for them, professions have disempowered people by preventing them from defining their needs for themselves. D!E@ 0?Rm; ERmJRmPRmVRmBC100. It also suggests that a significant human right is the right to define one s own needs, and that professional practice is therefore a form of human rights abuse. D![\E`RmEeRmkRmBRCSuch an argument suggests the desirability of reformulating social work practice so that it seeks to return to people the power to define their own needs and seek to have them met. De!ErRmCxRmx~RmBC#109. Need definition must be seen as a partnership between the social worker and the person, family, group or community in which the expertise of each is shared and where the social worker assists and facilitates the need definition process by the people most directly affected. D!w E@ ؇Rm?Rm{RmlRmHRmB UCThe personal and the political DE@Rm&B TCThe personal and the political DE@ Rm&BC197. The link between the personal and the political is central to social work: understanding the personal in terms of the political, understanding the political in terms of the personal, and acting to bring about change at both levels. DE RmCRmxRmT$RmBRCThis is particularly important within a human rights framework, since human rights also need to be understood as both personal and political. DE\+Rm@81Rm7RmBTC`The private and the public DE@t@Rm&BRC>199. It is important that social workers insist on an understanding of human rights that extends to the private as well as the public arena, and that they seek to break down the private/public dichotomy which has effectively prevented the pursuit of human rights in the private sphere, because it is seen as  no business of the state . Breaking down this dualism, in dialogical partnership with those most affected, is therefore an important task for social workers concerned about human rights. DEHRmDNRm`TRmRm}RmBSC@#Such terminology raises the question of why professions apparently committed to social justice, human rights and well-being should be happy to borrow terms from an institution devoted to violence, and which many social workers would regard as the antithesis of social work values. DE@ Rm8 Rmq&Rm,Rmd2RmB TCSupervision DE@<Rm&BSC6210. A  supervisor in the lay sense of the word is an overseer, a person who is in a position of superior power, who knows better than the supervisee how the job is to be done, and who should be telling the supervisee how to do it. There are strong elements here of control and surveillance: the worker s performance is to be closely scrutinised and if necessary corrected by the supervisor, whose wisdom is not to be questioned. DE$ERmCKRmPRmVRm\RmGpbRmLhRmB TC`Profession DE@rRm&B$C$211. Professions have been criticised by a number of writers because of the inappropriate wielding of professional power as a form of control. If this is the case, professionalism has significant human rights implications, and indeed the term  human rights profession would be an oxymoron. DE@ {Rm=Rm~ĆRmRm|RmBSCIf the very idea of a  profession carries with it disempowering practice, then it is incompatible with a human rights perspective. In that case, the sooner social workers stop thinking of themselves as professionals, the better. DE RmA`Rm<RmRmBUCSocial Work Processes DE@Rm&B @TCmkobInterview vs. Dialogue DE@ Rm&G@mkobW@Interview vs. DialogueBC212. The social work interview has typically been constructed in unequal power terms. It is generally expected that the social worker, not the client, will be the one who  controls the interview.tmct D!E RmARmxRmT$RmG@tmctHBzC @While the interaction may be controlled by the social worker, it is meant to be entirely in the interests of the client. D BC As discussed in Chapter 3, whenever social workers claim to be working  in the best interests of somebody else, human rights alarm bells should ring loudly. D BC #61. There is another side to the idea of practising  in the best interests of the client . Whenever we take on the role of speaking on behalf of somebody else, we are denying that person s ability to speak for themself, and we run the risk of colonising and oppressive practice. D BC 0Many of social work s most regrettable practices have been justified on the grounds of  acting in the best interests of someone. How do we know that we are really acting in the best interests of another person? Who can say with certainty that today s practice, accepted as meeting all the highest standards of professional conduct, will not in the future be similarly seen as oppressive? D BC189. Dialogue requires that both the worker and those with whom they are working are seen as having equivalent wisdom and expertise, rather than professional expertise being privileged over the expertise of others.tmct DE \+Rm;81Rmv7Rm<RmG@tmctHB=C 'While it is true that the worker will have specialised knowledge and skills that the client may not, it is equally true that the client has a range of knowledge, skills and expertise that the worker does not; namely, the expertise that comes from lived experience and the survival skills developed out of necessity. D BC 0190. tmctGiven this, the  worker and the  client need to establish a dialogue where the goal is for each to share and learn from each other s experience. To do this, the worker needs to be able to establish empathy and rapport  an important part of the traditional  social work interview  but beyond this, the idea of  dialogue and the idea of  interview are very different. D  :G @tmctHB|C/Letting go is difficult, given that social workers, like all professionals, are readily seduced by the discourse of professional expertise and can find security as well as status in a  professional role. Yet it is only in the letting go of that security and status that it is possible to join in a truly dialogical relationship with those with whom the worker wishes to engage. DzBC@190. An interview is deliberately designed as an interaction of unequal power, with one person  doing the interview while the other is  interviewed . In a dialogue, however, the aim is for an equal exchange, with each party learning from the other. D!E CRm@IRmORmURmBSC@Hence the social worker has to be able to give up the need to be (or to be seen to be) in control, and instead must allow the interaction to develop in a way that is determined by both parties.tmct DE\RmApbRm~LhRmG@tmctHB C Group Work D BC @214. Just as the social worker is expected to be  in control of the interview, so a group worker is often expected to be  in control of a group. This encouragement of a controlling function is, of course, counter to ideas of human rights. D BC There are ways in which participatory and democratic processes can be facilitated in small groups, and social workers are familiar with such practice principles as respect for others, allowing all members to speak, and consensus-based decision-making. D BD B TC Planning DE@rRm&BuC.216. The problem is that this usually occurs before the social worker has even met the client or the community with whom they are to work. It directly negates it and denies the client or community the right to self-determination. It leads to a social work practice where the service is pre-packaged and delivered to the recipient, who has no say in its design or delivery. DE {Rm?Rm~ĆRmRm|Rm<XRmBaSC ,Social workers can ask for a seat at the planning table and, more importantly, argue for the need to incorporate in the planning process the people who are most likely to be affected. This is surely a requirement of social work that is genuinely based on human rights principles; to do otherwise is to violate the clients rights to self-determination. D!E `RmB<RmRmRmRmC RmB TC`Management DE@DRm&B3C`&216. The very idea of management seems to symbolise control, surveillance and domination. The management discourse seems to locate the manager in a position of superiority and to imply an unequal power relationship with at least the potential for oppressive practice and the denial of human rights.tmct DE@ xRm=T$Rm|0*Rm 0Rm5RmG@tmctHBC #It would be hoped that a social work manager would adapt the style of work based on knowledge arising from the bottom up. The key to such practice is to ensure that it is set up with genuinely participatory and dialogical structures and processes, incorporating democratic principles. D {BD B'SC$An area where the idea of management extends into the practice realm is that of  case management . The terms  case and  management need challenging as they reduce people to cases to be managed rather than referring to individuals that not only would benefit from support but also have agency. Dc!E@ <Rm?BRmxHRmNRm`TRmB@TC mkobResearch DE@^Rm&G@mkobW@ResearchBC196. One of the important aspects of human rights-oriented research is that it should, where possible, include the people being  researched in the design, implementation, interpretation and presentation of the research. D!E gRm;lRmrRmxRmBrSC@.Social research can often simply reinforce power differentials by being something that is carried out by  researchers on  subjects ,so that the researcher can gain new knowledge (and credit, prestige, career advancement), while the benefit to the researched may be marginal. Such research, needless to say, is itself counter to human rights principles.tmcttmct DE RmBRmztRmPRm,Rm7RmG@tmctHBKC `)Social workers who are researching from a human rights perspective need to be paying attention to approaches to research that challenge orthodoxy in research methodology. There are many such approaches, to be found in feminist methodology, collaborative inquiry, participatory action research, grounded theory research, and so on. D G@tmctHB C `Boundaries D BC 219. The idea of boundaries between the personal and the professional is contestable and is worked out very differently in different social work locations. D BhC The question for present purposes is how a human rights perspective might inform such boundary issues. D BC One concern is that, by drawing clear boundaries between the personal and the professional, the social worker is prevented from engaging in a truly dialogical relationship with the client. D BC @The client is allowed, indeed encouraged or required, to be themself in the relationship, but the social worker is required to put on a professional persona and define some parts of their human experience as  out of bounds . D B*C @%More significantly, perhaps, the construction of professional boundaries by the social worker may be seen as defining the worker and the client as different types of people (with the implication of superiority on the part of the social worker), and the social work relationship itself as unequal. D (BUCThe role of clients DE@Rm&BTCChoosing social workers DE@ Rm&BzC@/220. The capacity of a person to choose their social worker is often limited or non-existent. A social worker is  assigned to a client, often without the client being consulted. This decision is often made on the basis of an assessment of what sort of social worker would be  best for this particular person; but how often is the person themself involved in that assessment? DE Rm?RmxRmT$Rm0*RmE 0RmBSC:In many cases, they will not know the particular social workers who may be available, but there is still the possibility for a person to express a preference for a social worker with certain characteristics(sex, age, and so on) or with particular experience or practice orientation. In some instances, the person will actually know some of the workers in the agency and may wish to express a preference for or against a particular worker being involved in their case. DZ!n!E7Rm@<RmBRmHRmNRmG`TRmRmB+C`%This has been an ongoing issue in many social agencies, and there are considerable problems associated with it. It is too easy for such involvement to become tokenistic, or for  client representatives to be co-opted into the existing power structure of the agency so that they have little impact. DE@ PFRmB,LRmRRmWRm]RmBC@Genuine client involvement that really makes a difference is hard to achieve, largely because of the tacit acceptance (by managers, workers and clients) that existing power differentials are somehow natural and unchangeable. DE eRmBkRmqRmwRmBC Such assumptions need to be actively challenged in the workplace as part of an approach to practice that respects human rights and seeks to maximise self-determination. DE~RmAlRmHRmB <CGeneralist Social Work Practice DE@{ m&B:C@: An Empowering Approach. klh%9th Edklh. 2021. 1 D"(2E@PmG klh%Whttps\://www.amazon.com/Generalist-Social-Work-Practice-Empowering/dp/0135868890;1;0;0; BRB' Ct E xnj 0 ֬ 4 hX ǔ D 8Ȳ. DE@mB=C@X Ĭ ֬X ` DE@Rm&BCAndrea s role in the professional relationship is that of a partner to empower families with their own strengths, not to overpower families with her own considerable practice knowledge and skills. DEh%RmDD+Rm 1RmBiC ֬ Ĭ ֬X `@ Ӹ `ՅȲ. @ X <\h nj XՔ Ȳ. ֬X 0 \h nj  JŔ Ȳ. DET9Rm$0?RmI ERmB=C֬ Ĭļ < DE@PRm&B@C(For a generalist social work method to also be empowering requires a process of collaborative engagement, an assessment of strengths and resources (within clients system and their environment), an intervention that considers changes in both person and context, and continuous evaluation by workers and clients together. DE $ZRm:`Rm{eRmkRmqRm.pwRmBC nj X$t, DE@RmB% Cengagement : @ ֬ hخ x%X0\ X DE@RmB Cassessment : X  D > DE@RmB$ Cintervention : @ Xֽ ŽX T| ijX DE@dRmB'Cevaluation : ֬@ hخ t| iȲ. DE@@RmB =C`֬ < DE@Rm&BCAn empowerment-based approach to social work practice moves clients to center stage positioning them as the authors of their stories as well as the directors and producers of the action. DE` Rm<<Rm}RmBCC`֬ <Ҕ |  8Ɣ Ȳ. D ų ȑXՌ \䲔 йȲ. DELRm#(#RmB =C`8 xX h DE@.Rm&BnC-Reverence toward social workers as experts fabricates a hierarchy of haves and have-nots. In this view, proficient social work experts have knowledge, insight, and ideas to bestow on inept clients who lack these qualities. Proactive professionals take charge of passive clients. Competent social workers commence action, and ineffectual client systems are acted on. DE @8RmB>RmCRmIRmORm9URmBC`Interpreted bluntly, the expert professionals are the champs, and the clients are the chumps! Social workers beware! Traps exist in this definition of social workers as experts and clients as passive recipients, so no successful way out is available. DE \RmBpbRmLhRm(nRmBC`֬| 8\ t t| Ĭ AȲ. \ ֬ 8 0% Dt| \ t|tǸŸŌ t D ()iȲ. ijx ֬ ٳx t|tǸŸ| ṵȲ. ǥ\ ֬ X, 4\ t|tǸŸҔ tȲ. DE@ \vRm%8|RmIRmnRm̍RmBC\ȹ\, ֬ ǜ t t|tǸŸҔ t| йȲ. pt| iȲ. ֬ 8 xD X t|tǸŸ ٳ ֐ xD XՔ ĬŔ ht ǵȲ. t hŔ Ť lij ŵȲ. DE ԔRm#RmHRmnhRmB?C֬ ©\䲔 @ DE@Rm&BC@To be truly accepting, social workers recognize the centrality of clients experiences in understanding and intervening in any situation. DE RmBhRmDRmB9C \ XX ©tǀ, iD ttX i XՔ p ȴtnj \䲔 Ȳ. DExRm&T$RmB|CSocial workers demonstrate acceptance when they affirm clients perspectives and value what clients contribute to the work. DE-Rm@3RmB,CX D X 0XՌ t| ©\ `  ǵȲ. DE;Rm%ARmBCAcceptance leads social workers to regard clients as having knowledge about their own situation and as contributing as full partners. DEKRm<PRm|VRmB5C©\t, Ō ()t 0 Ӹ\ \\ 0XՌ t| iȲ. DE^Rm$dRmBCWorkers who demonstrate acceptance affirm the worth of others while at the same time holding them accountable for the consequences of their behaviors. DE(nRm>tRmvyRmBLC ©\䲔 D $t, X (  ٳX) X| XՔ \ո 0  0| Ēij Ɍ t| iȲ. DERm'RmB?C`% DE@Rm&BC@Social workers bring professional expertise to the relationship, but they are not the sole experts. Clients are the most qualified experts about their own situations. Quite simply, they know their circumstances and capabilities best. DE RmAhRmDRm RmB}C֬ (֬ X) 8 ·0 t ǵȲ. 췘 ̹֬ 8x t DٲȲ. X | \ \ \X 8Ȳ. |й\ X i %D DŔ Ȳ. DE T$Rm%0*RmK 0Rmq5RmBCWorkers share complementary roles with clients and their constituencies, each possessing valuable experiences and competencies. DEH?Rm9$ERmrKRmBdC ֬  X Ŭ@ `D  8D<\ %iȲ. ֬, , X Ŭ  X ɷD 0 L8Ȳ. DE4SRm#YRmI^RmBCEmpowerment emphasizes collaborative partnerships and delineates mutual responsibilities for social workers and clients. Collaboration is the hallmark of empowerment. DELhRm6(nRmytRmBC`Collaboration entrusts clients with rights and responsibilities, encouraging clients to discover their own solutions and to remain in charge of their own changes.tmct DE {RmARmĆRmG@tmctHBC XT D BC Developing a critical consciousness, a process also described as conscientization, increases awareness about the ways that personal experiences and political contexts connect, an essential prerequisite for empowerment-oriented practice. D BC Breton emphasizes this interconnection of personal and social change, asserting that  Empowerment necessarily involves both conscientization (change at the personal level) and social action (change at the collective level). D BC "However, the very use of the idea of consciousness-raising, can itself be patronising and oppressive. It can easily sound as if the worker arrogantly assumes that they have superior consciousness and seeks to impose this consciousness on the people with whom they are working. D B*C @%For this reason, the idea of dialogue is crucial. This requires that both the worker and those with whom they are working are seen as having equivalent wisdom and expertise, rather than professional expertise being privileged over the expertise of others, which is the more conventional approach. D B=C 'While it is true that the worker will have specialised knowledge and skills that the client may not, it is equally true that the client has a range of knowledge, skills and expertise that the worker does not; namely, the expertise that comes from lived experience and the survival skills developed out of necessity. D BC This constitutes a circular learning approach of sharing knowledge, wisdom and expertise to collaboratively reflect and examine pathways of action and change. D B2C @- Human Rights & Social Work. 4th ed. pp. 189~190 D BC  <Ҕ % ӸD piȲ. DE@RmB6C%@ @ ĒD  iȲ. tհED >DŴ T| ijXՌ iȲ. DERm%ܛRmB?C֬ Y )D $t   Ǵ| iȲ. DE@Rm&BC All social workers make conscious and deliberate choices about how to practice; however, these practice theories, principles, and intervention strategies are not their private domain. DE Rm?hRmDRmBCClients have the right to know the approach of the professional with whom they are working. Practitioners should prepare an understandable explanation of their practice philosophy to share directly with clients. DE LRm@(#Rm|)Rm.RmBC If workers approaches and clients preferences are a  mismatch, clients can seek to work with other professionals who practice in ways clients prefer. DE5RmB;RmARmBPC ֬|t l 'Ż ij'| Ɉ X iȲ. p, œ t` Y  )t ̹֬X @ DٲȲ. DEIRm$ORmKURmB`C ij 0 hخXՔ ֬X )D L ǵȲ. ֬ X œ YD Ō , LDD  nj $` D  Ǵ| iȲ. DE\Rm%pbRmKLhRmB>Cǔ ֬X )t ȹL JD hخ`  ǵȲ. DEToRm%0uRmB ?CX |\ 8Ō pȸ  p| lXՔ ) DE@Rm&BCWithout exception, to ethically communicate with others about clients, social workers must obtain clients permission or informed consent, as documented by a signed release of information. DE Rm>hRmyDRm RmB0CX |\ x t|0X$t, X }  ٳX| D| iȲ. DET$Rm&0*RmBLC)This means clients themselves decide whether to give social workers permission to gather information from significant others, records, or other professionals. Clients need to know who is being contacted, what information is sought, why the information is required, and what consequences result if they refuse to permit the contact. DE 3Rm<l9Rm~H?Rm$ERmKRmCPRmBqC X tǘ 0]tǘ x 8\0 | Ŕ D թ` й XՔ Ȳ. l|  XՔ, Ť | lXՔ,  \ DՔ\ Ō L$ ȴ| iȲ. DEYRm$^RmIdRmBXC+Practitioners discuss possible sources of information in consultation with clients and, when feasible, encourage clients to handle the arrangements. When clients discuss, arrange, and follow through on gathering additional information from other professionals, they assume their rightful roles and responsibilities as partners in this process. DE (nRm9tRm|yRmRmRm;tRmBC  | l`  ǔ, Ō ; X|t| iȲ. Xt, | lXՔ |D XՌ ht ȵȲ. LD -xX ɉXՌ XՔ Ȳ. t XՔ t Ӹ\ X `t ĒDžȲ. DE Rm&RmL`Rmr<RmB?C`֬  \֩X0 DE@Rm&BCSocial workers freely operate as resources to clients, but empowering social workers also strive to help without patronizing clients or encouraging dependency. DE Rm;hRmqDRmBXC ֬ D ` ij ǵȲ. ̹ | nj X$ ֬|t D J XtXՌ X JŌ piȲ. DExRm&T$RmH0*RmBCWorkers should not develop strategies that place themselves in central roles and leave the clients as passive observers. The best action plans place clients in charge and use workers resources and skills as supplemental tools. DE 3Rm?l9RmH?Rm$ERmBmC ֬ t  `D h<\h ٳ<\ 0̹ XՌ t H )Ȳ. x x XՌ X ֬X 0 D p <\ \֩XՔ t \ Ȳ. DEXMRm#4SRmIYRmB?C@X, X 8 DE@dRm&BVC*Generally, clients are invited to join case management meetings, although at times professionals meet and make decisions without client input. Ethical case managers make sure that clients stay informed about any exchange that happens outside of their purview and confirm that clients know their rights to seek changes on any decisions made. DE ToRmA0uRm {RmRmĆRm7RmBC@, @X 8XՌ iȲ. t 8t  XՔ ij ̹& $Ǭx ֬|t Ŕ p 4 t|0| Ք Ō L$ ȴ| iȲ. 8| \ D  LD L$ ȴ| iȲ. DE@ ԔRm%RmHRmohRmDRmB?C`Ĭ DE@Rm&BC` ĬX ȴtnj iȲ. DE@ RmBC`Clients have ultimate power over a plan s acceptability. Social workers may suggest ideas, but clients have rights to say what they can and will do. They can give the  thumbs up or  thumbs down on the proposed plan. DE Rm@RmRm%RmBCClients maintain the privilege of selecting the outcomes and strategies they desire because they will be primarily responsible to implement plans of action and they will experience the consequences of success or failure. DE ,Rm=d2Rm@8Rm>RmB&C$To respect self-determination and activate clients participation, goals and strategies must naturally emerge from the collaborative efforts of workers and clients. Workers help clients clarify and operationalize their chosen goals in ways that retain the motivational quality of these goals. DE@ $ERmCKRmPRmVRm\RmBSCGoals and plans motivate clients when clients assume their ownership. To  own their plans, clients need to see them as relevant and participate in their construction. DEcRm;xiRmxToRmB ?CP!   ? DE@Rm&B>CP!? DE@ Rm&BC 0ƌ ճȲ. DE@RmBxRC/Consistent with an empowerment approach, workers functioning as educators collaborate with clients in all aspects of the process, from identifying learning needs and goals to choosing learning methods to evaluating learning outcomes. Collaborative teaching requires that learners become active consumers and contributors rather than simply passive recipients of information. DE Rm= Rm&Rm,Rmd2RmA@8RmB>C  DE@ARm&B#C`X ƭtǘ ٳXX Ɉ \ \͌\<\ iȲ. DE@IRmBdC Social workers can offer clients theoretical information, practice wisdom, and research knowledge. DERRmCWRmBC@Workers show caution when sharing information to avoid undermining clients competencies. The most empowering way to share professional knowledge is to respond to a client s request or to seek a client s permission to do so. DE ^Rm7dRmujRmpRmBC Sharing ideas differs from giving advice. Think about the last time someone advised you what to do. Did you feel like they were missing the point? Did you feel resentful that they thought they knew more about your life than you do? DE wRmDd}Rm@RmRmBC#Giving people advice places them in an inferior position, not something that empowering social workers want to do with clients. When social workers have ideas that might be helpful, they offer them tentatively and respect client expertise to evaluate whether the idea is useful. DE@ $Rm>RmwܛRmRmRmB@?Cmkob֬ pȬ DE@Rm&G@mkobW@֬ pȬB=C'Within the domain of social work research and practice evaluation, the effect of professionals  objectively studying clients can be particularly insidious, as research and evaluation done on rather than with people creates an exclusive base of knowledge that privileges the views and values of expert professionals. DE Rm7hRmvDRm Rm!Rm.'RmB5C8  objectively | '<\' XՔ pȬ@ ҈ iȲ. DE 0Rm-5RmBC`Did participants have any control of research questions? Did they work as partners in research design and delivery or merely function as subjects of someone else s study? DEH?RmB$ERm}KRmB<C pȬ 8mD ȈՔ? pȬ| $ĬX ‰XՔ p 8ňՔ? DȲt pȬ tD пx? DE4SRm$YRmBCBoth qualitative and quantitative research have extensive benefits, but justice-oriented social workers examine both research design and implementation to determine what roles clients played. DEpbRmDLhRm(nRmB6C pȬ  pȬ pȬX $Ĭ@ ‰ Ť `D Ք 08 D| iȲ. DE\vRm&8|RmB?C\ DE@Rm&BRCCompared to conventional program evaluation methods, empowerment evaluation offers an alternative approach that places clients in the center of the process. DE Rm5hRmpDRmB#C`X <Ҕ | X  nj iȲ. DE@RmBC`#Empowerment evaluation supports the notion that clients are not only qualified to share their opinions on program impact, but they should participate in all steps of the evaluation process, from identifying the evaluation questions through collecting data and analyzing the results. DE@ )Rm@.Rm4Rm:Rmt@RmBCImportantly, empowerment evaluations involve clients in each stage of the process from formulating and responding to questions to interpreting aggregated data. DE|GRm=XMRm4SRmBCBy design, empowerment evaluation requires that client systems play a prominent role in all facets of the evaluation process, from defining the focus of the evaluation to interpreting the results. DExiRmBC Specifically, the code indicates that social workers should provide clients with reasonable access to official records that concern them and, when sharing this information with clients, should protect the confidentiality of other persons noted in the records. DE pRmD\vRm8|RmRmB6CClearly, clients have rights to access their records. DE@RmB?C0 E 8XՌ iȲ. DE@Rm&BCConsumers participation in developing agency policy safeguards their rights as clients, secures the relevancy of program services, and holds agencies accountable to their constituencies. DE Rm@hRmDRmBCIndividual consumers who take part in policy development benefit from the self-growth, increased feelings of personal control, and networks of cooperative relationships that develop. DELRmA(#Rm)RmBwCGiven opportunities, social service consumers can play important roles in organizational functioning and development. DE 0RmA5RmBC`They have an expert view of service delivery procedures, the impact of agency policies, and services the agency should develop or expand. DE<Rm=BRmHRmBCClients can contribute as members of staff and administrative hiring committees, inform strategic plans, participate in program evaluation, and assist with fundraising activities. DEORm>URmh[RmB?C98 \ٳ DE@Rm&BC`  ȴtnj iȲ. DE@ RmBFC(Many clients face unexpected obstacles or a lack of responsiveness from government entities and social agencies, a situation that calls on practitioners to add their professional power to gain clients access to resources through client advocacy. The way in which social workers advocate for their clients makes a difference. DE Rm4RmsRm%Rm\+Rm881RmBC There can be no empowerment without participation or, at least, presence and observation. By modeling this behavior, the client learns to become an active consumer/participant. DE@8RmA>RmCRmBC`All clients benefit more from working with, rather than by being worked on by social workers. Workers possess advocacy skills and can teach clients ways to advocate on their own behalf. DEKRmAPRm~VRmBC`Social workers are most empowering when they support clients efforts to advocate for themselves. Client-driven advocacy places clients in control of advocacy activities, leaving corollary roles for social workers to support clients actions. DE ]Rm>cRmxiRmToRmB:C@'Empowerment-based advocacy requires the continual involvement of stakeholders in planning and executing advocacy interventions. Workers who ignore the potential and power of clients as essential allies in social action waste resources and risk alienating those who are in the best position to inform the process. DE@ wRm2d}Rmq@RmRmRmBC#Advocates speak on behalf of clients and encourage clients to speak for themselves. Achieving social change through advocacy requires the active partnership of disenfranchised citizens along with social work professionals who recognize the public issues inherent in personal troubles. DE@ Rm>ܛRm}RmRmpRmB C` DE@m